For the Carnot cycle, the four thermodynamic states in the pressure-volume graph are represented by a, b, c and d (Figure 1). Volume, V is plotted on the X-axis while pressure, P is plotted on the Y-axis. The cycle consists of four reversible steps namely
a) Isothermal expansion – With the addition of heat, QH, system expands and goes from state a to b at a constant temperature, TH. Since the process is isothermal, change in internal energy, ΔU is zero.
By using ideal gas laws, total work done by the system, w is given by
Apart from ideal gas law assumptions, Carnot cycle described above has various other assumptions such as no friction, no heat loss, reversibility of every process, infinite heat reservoir etc. The real processes used in industries have much lower efficiency due to inherent losses of energy in the system. Therefore, ideal Carnot cycle has limited practical applications except for providing the maximum theoretical efficiency achieve by a system.
J.M. Smith, H. V. (2005). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw Hill.
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